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MedWorm: Dyslexia: An investigation into kana reading development in normal and dyslexic Japanese children using length and lexicality effects

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Fri, 18 May 2012 17:10:48 +0000

Abstract: This is the first study to report differences between Japanese children with and without dyslexia in the way string-length and lexicality effects are manifested when reading Japanese kana. These children were asked to read kana words and non-words consisting of either two or five kana characters. The results showed that the error rates of the normal Preschoolers and Primary-School children with dyslexia were higher than those of the normal Primary-School children. Further, the reading latencies of the normal Preschoolers, First-graders and dyslexics were significantly longer than those of the normal Second, Third and Fifth/Sixth graders. Moreover, reading latencies became shorter as the age of the participants increased. Both normal and dyslexic children showed significant effect...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Dyslexia, authorial identity, and approaches to learning and writing: A mixed methods study.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Wed, 16 May 2012 16:55:49 +0000

Conclusions. Dyslexic students have less strong authorial identities, and less congruent approaches to learning and writing. Knowledge to avoid plagiarism may be more salient for dyslexic students, who may benefit from specific interventions to increase confidence in writing and understanding of authorship. Further research could investigate how dyslexic students develop approaches to academic writing, and how that could be affected by perceived knowledge to avoid plagiarism. PMID: 22583092 [PubMed - in process] Source: The British Journal of Educational Psychology

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MedWorm: Dyslexia: Developmental dyslexia: The difficulties of interpreting poor performance, and the importance of normal performance.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Wed, 16 May 2012 16:55:47 +0000

Authors: Ramus F, Ahissar M Abstract This paper provides a selective review of data on phonology, audition, vision, and learning abilities in developmental dyslexia, with a specific focus on patterns of normal alongside poor performance. Indeed we highlight the difficulties of interpreting poor performance, and we criticize theories of dyslexia that are exclusively suited to explaining poor performance, at the risk of overgeneralizing and predicting deficits in many more situations than are observed. We highlight a number of tasks and conditions where individuals with dyslexia seem to show perfectly normal performance, and we discuss the value of taking such data seriously into account and the difficulties of current theories to explain them. Finally, we discuss the experimental ch...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Sensitivity to Lexical Stress in Dyslexia: a Case of Cognitive not Perceptual Stress

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Wed, 16 May 2012 16:55:45 +0000

Sensitivity to lexical stress in adult German‐speaking students with reading difficulty was investigated using minimal pair prepositional verbs whose meaning and syntax depend on the location of the stressed syllable. Two tests of stress perception were used: i a stress location task, where listeners indicated the location of the perceptually most prominent syllable, and ii a stress pattern identification task, where listeners indicated if the stress pattern was appropriate for its semantic frame. The students with reading difficulties performed worse than the normally reading students on both tasks. Their poorer performance did not reflect the lack of a percept for lexical stress rather patterns of performance across the two tasks suggested that each loaded onto different underlying...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: The Right of Every Child

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Tue, 08 May 2012 17:45:05 +0000

It is the right of every child to learn and grow to their fullest potential.read more Source: Psychology Today Parenting Center

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Understanding the mental lexicon through neglect dyslexia: a study on compound noun reading.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 05 May 2012 19:13:41 +0000

Authors: Marelli M, Aggujaro S, Molteni F, Luzzatti C Abstract The present study employs neglect dyslexia ND as an experimental model to study compound-word processing; in particular, it investigates whether compound constituents are hierarchically organized at mental level and addresses the possibility of whole-word representation. Seven Italian-speaking patients suffering from ND participated in a word naming task. Both left-headed pescespada, swordfish and right-headed astronave, spaceship Italian compound nouns were used as stimuli. Non-existent compounds, which were generated by substituting the leftmost constituent of a compound with an orthographically similar word e.g., *pestespada, *plaguesword , were also employed. A significant headedness effect emerged in the gro...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Is a lone right hemisphere enough? Neurolinguistic architecture in a case with a very early left hemispherectomy.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 05 May 2012 19:13:40 +0000

Authors: Danelli L, Cossu G, Berlingeri M, Bottini G, Sberna M, Paulesu E Abstract We studied the linguistic profile and neurolinguistic organization of a 14-year-old adolescent EB who underwent a left hemispherectomy at the age of 2.5 years. After initial aphasia, his language skills recovered within 2 years, with the exception of some word finding problems. Over the years, the neuropsychological assessments showed that EB's language was near-to-normal, with the exception of lexical competence, which lagged slightly behind for both auditory and written language. Moreover, EB's accuracy and speed in both reading and writing words and non-words were within the normal range, whereas difficulties emerged in reading loan words and in tasks with homophones. EB's functional magnetic re...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: An interaction-dominant perspective on reading fluency and dyslexia.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 05 May 2012 19:13:25 +0000

In this study, we investigated dyslexic and non-dyslexic word-naming performance in beginning readers and observed that these complexity metrics differentiate reliably between dyslexic and average response times and correlate strongly with the severity of the reading impairment. The direction of change in the introduced metrics suggests that developmental dyslexia resides from dynamical instabilities in the coordination among the many components necessary to read, which could explain why dyslexic readers score below average on so many distinct tasks and modalities. PMID: 22460607 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Source: Annals of Dyslexia

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Identifying high-functioning dyslexics: is self-report of early reading problems enough?

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 05 May 2012 19:13:23 +0000

Authors: Deacon SH, Cook K, Parrila R Abstract We used a questionnaire to identify university students with self-reported difficulties in reading acquisition during elementary school self-report; n = 31 . The performance of the self-report group on standardized measures of word and non-word reading and fluency, passage comprehension and reading rate, and phonological awareness was compared to that of two other groups of university students: one with a recent diagnosis diagnosed; n = 20 and one with no self-reported reading acquisition problems comparison group; n = 33 . The comparison group outperformed both groups with a history of reading difficulties self-report and diagnosed on almost all measures. The self-report and diagnosed groups performed similarly on mo...

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MedWorm: Dyslexia: CNVs leading to fusion transcripts in individuals with autism spectrum disorder

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Wed, 02 May 2012 17:38:19 +0000

Authors: Richard Holt, Nuala H Sykes, Inês C Conceição, Jean-Baptiste Cazier, Richard JL Anney, Guiomar Oliveira, Louise Gallagher, Astrid Vicente, Anthony P Monaco & Alistair T Pagnamenta Source: European Journal of Human Genetics

MedWorm: Dyslexia: The Aromatase Gene CYP19A1: Several Genetic and Functional Lines of Evidence Supporting a Role in Reading, Speech and Language.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Tue, 01 May 2012 18:40:50 +0000

Authors: Anthoni H, Sucheston LE, Lewis BA, Tapia-Páez I, Fan X, Zucchelli M, Taipale M, Stein CM, Hokkanen ME, Castrén E, Pennington BF, Smith SD, Olson RK, Tomblin JB, Schulte-Körne G, Nöthen M, Schumacher J, Müller-Myhsok B, Hoffmann P, Gilger JW, Hynd GW, Nopola-Hemmi J, Leppanen PH, Lyytinen H, Schoumans J, Nordenskjöld M, Spencer J, Stanic D, Boon WC, Simpson E, Mäkelä S, Gustafsson JA, Peyrard-Janvid M, Iyengar S, Kere J Abstract Inspired by the localization, on 15q21.2 of the CYP19A1 gene in the linkage region of speech and language disorders, and a rare translocation in a dyslexic individual that was brought to our attention, we conducted a series of studies on the properties of CYP19A1 as a candidate gene for dyslexia and related conditions. The aromatase enzyme i...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: The visual attention span deficit in dyslexia is visual and not verbal

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Tue, 01 May 2012 18:39:23 +0000

This study aims to disambiguate between the two interpretations by investigating performance in a non-verbal character string visual categorization task with verbal and non-verbal stimuli. Results show that VA span ability predicts performance for the non-verbal visual processing task in normal reading children. Furthermore, VA span impaired dyslexic children are also impaired for the categorization task independently of stimuli type. This supports the hypothesis that the underlying impairment responsible for the VA span deficit is visual, not verbal. Source: Cortex

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MedWorm: Dyslexia: Abnormal structural and functional brain connectivity in gray matter heterotopia

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 28 Apr 2012 17:38:02 +0000

SummaryPurpose: Periventricular nodular heterotopia PNH is a malformation of cortical development associated with epilepsy and dyslexia. Evidence suggests that heterotopic gray matter can be functional in brain malformations and that connectivity abnormalities may be important in these disorders. We hypothesized that nodular heterotopia develop abnormal connections and systematically investigated the structural and functional connectivity of heterotopia in patients with PNH.Methods: Eleven patients were studied using diffusion tensor tractography and resting‐state functional connectivity MRI with bold oxygenation level–dependent BOLD imaging. Fiber tracks with a terminus within heterotopic nodules were visualized to determine structural connectivity, and brain regions demonst...

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MedWorm: Dyslexia: A Causal Link between Visual Spatial Attention and Reading Acquisition.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Wed, 25 Apr 2012 18:24:49 +0000

Authors: Franceschini S, Gori S, Ruffino M, Pedrolli K, Facoetti A Abstract Reading is a unique, cognitive human skill crucial to life in modern societies, but, for about 10% of the children, learning to read is extremely difficult. They are affected by a neurodevelopmental disorder called dyslexia [1, 2]. Although impaired auditory and speech sound processing is widely assumed to characterize dyslexic individuals [1-5], emerging evidence suggests that dyslexia could arise from a more basic cross-modal letter-to-speech sound integration deficit [6-9]. Letters have to be precisely selected from irrelevant and cluttering letters [10, 11] by rapid orienting of visual attention before the correct letter-to-speech sound integration applies [12-17]. Here we ask whether prereading visual ...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Electrophysiological correlates of impaired reading in dyslexic pre-adolescent children.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sun, 22 Apr 2012 17:16:46 +0000

In this study, event related potentials ERPs were used to investigate the extent to which dyslexics aged 9-13years differ from normally reading controls in early ERPs, which reflect prelexical orthographic processing, and in late ERPs, which reflect implicit phonological processing. The participants performed an implicit reading task, which was manipulated in terms of letter-specific processing, orthographic familiarity, and phonological structure. Comparing consonant- and symbol sequences, the results showed significant differences in the P1 and N1 waveforms in the control but not in the dyslexic group. The reduced P1 and N1 effects in pre-adolescent children with dyslexia suggest a lack of visual specialization for letter-processing. The P1 and N1 components were not sensitive to the...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Neuropsychology: Poor attention linked to dyslexia

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Thu, 19 Apr 2012 17:14:35 +0000

Nature 484, 7394 2012 . doi:10.1038/484291a Early problems with visual attention in children seem to be linked to later difficulties in learning to read, a hallmark of dyslexia.Andrea Facoetti at the University of Padua in Italy and his colleagues tested 96 Italian-speaking children in kindergarten on their ability to pick Source: Nature

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Dyslexia still a blight for kids, despite treatment advances

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Wed, 18 Apr 2012 16:56:20 +0000

More research needed on causes to help kids fulfil potentialRelated items from OnMedicaKids with ADHD should be placed on a special dietBright light hope for dyslexicsRegulator raises concerns over learning disability careDyslexia Scotland charity launched Source: OnMedica Latest News

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Dyslexia News From Medical News Today: Childhood Dyslexia - More Needed To Be Done

Dyslexia News From Medical News Today — Tue, 17 Apr 2012 19:00:00 +0000

Even though there has considerable progress in the scientific understanding and medical treatments for dyslexia over the past five years, a study published Online First in The Lancet states that a significant amount of research still needs to be conducted in order to completely understand the causes of the disorder and to improve the lives of children affected by it...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Lipread-induced phonetic recalibration in dyslexia.

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sun, 15 Apr 2012 18:08:51 +0000

Authors: Baart M, de Boer-Schellekens L, Vroomen J Abstract Auditory phoneme categories are less well-defined in developmental dyslexic readers than in fluent readers. Here, we examined whether poor recalibration of phonetic boundaries might be associated with this deficit. 22 adult dyslexic readers were compared with 22 fluent readers on a phoneme identification task and a task that measured phonetic recalibration by lipread speech Bertelson, Vroomen, & De Gelder, 2003 . In line with previous reports, we found that dyslexics were less categorical in the labeling of the speech sounds. The size of their phonetic recalibration effect, though, was comparable to that of normal readers. This result indicates that phonetic recalibration is unaffected in dyslexic readers, and that it...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Impaired Letterâ

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 14 Apr 2012 18:20:12 +0000

Poor parallel letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia was taken as evidence of poor visual attention VA span, that is, a limitation of visual attentional resources that affects multi‐character processing. However, the use of letter stimuli in oral report tasks was challenged on its capacity to highlight a VA span disorder. In particular, report of poor letter/digit‐string processing but preserved symbol‐string processing was viewed as evidence of poor visual‐to‐phonology code mapping, in line with the phonological theory of developmental dyslexia. We assessed here the visual‐to‐phonological‐code mapping disorder hypothesis. In Experiment 1, letter‐string, digit‐string and colour‐string processing was assessed to disentangle a phonological versus visual ...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Are Auditory and Visual Processing Deficits Related to Developmental Dyslexia?

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 14 Apr 2012 18:20:00 +0000

The purpose of this study was to examine if children with dyslexia learning to read a consistent orthography Greek experience auditory and visual processing deficits and if these deficits are associated with phonological awareness, rapid naming speed and orthographic processing. We administered measures of general cognitive ability, phonological awareness, orthographic processing, short‐term memory, rapid automatized naming, auditory and visual processing, and reading fluency to 21 Grade 6 children with dyslexia, 21 chronological age‐matched controls and 20 Grade 3 reading age‐matched controls. The results indicated that the children with dyslexia did not experience auditory processing deficits, but about half of them showed visual processing deficits. Both orthographic processing ...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Diffusion tensor quantification and cognitive correlates of the macrostructure and microstructure of the corpus callosum in typically developing and dyslexic children

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 14 Apr 2012 18:19:59 +0000

This study demonstrates the utility of regional DTI measurements of the CC in understanding the neurobiology of reading disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Validated diffusion tensor imaging DTI ‐based segmentation methods A were applied to the midsagittal corpus callosum CC of 11 healthy typically developing readers, TDR , 24 dyslexic DX and 15 age‐matched children with fluency and comprehension difficulties CF B . Significant differences were noted in posterior CC areas C and corresponding DTI metrics, such as fractional anisotropy FA D and radial diffusivity, in which correlations with reading scores were also noted E . Our results indicate that the two hemispheres communicate in reading disorders. Our work contributes towards an understanding o...

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MedWorm: Dyslexia: Evidence for a Specific Impairment of Serial Order Shortâ

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 14 Apr 2012 18:19:57 +0000

In order to better understand the nature of verbal short‐term memory STM deficits in dyslexic children, the present study used the distinction between item and serial order retention capacities in STM tasks. According to recent STM models, storage of verbal item information depends very directly upon the richness of underlying phonological and semantic representations. On the other hand, storage of serial order information appears to reflect a language‐independent system. Hence, if there is a fundamental STM deficit in dyslexia that is not to be explained only by the poor phonological processing abilities that characterize dyslexia, then difficulties in serial order STM should also be observed in dyslexic children. We administered tasks maximizing either serial order or item retentio...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: A Study of Base Frequency in Spanish Skilled and Readingâ

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 14 Apr 2012 18:19:48 +0000

In this study, the base frequency BF effect is explored in reading‐disabled and skilled readers of Spanish. A pseudoword definition task was completed by two groups of children. The pseudowords were composed from existing stems and affixes. The results show a facilitatory BF effect, suggesting that all children benefited from this aspect of morphology. A significant effect of group was also observed, showing that skilled readers scored better than reading‐disabled children. The interaction between these variables was not significant. The overall pattern of data suggests that all children benefited from morphological processing to perform the definition task but that phonological difficulties in reading‐disabled children prevented them from benefitting from the BF effect as much as ...

MedWorm: Dyslexia: Annual Research Review: The nature and classification of reading disorders â

MedWorm: Dyslexia — Sat, 14 Apr 2012 18:19:03 +0000

This article reviews our understanding of reading disorders in children and relates it to current proposals for their classification in DSM‐5. There are two different, commonly occurring, forms of reading disorder in children which arise from different underlying language difficulties. Dyslexia as defined in DSM‐5 , or decoding difficulty, refers to children who have difficulty in mastering the relationships between the spelling patterns of words and their pronunciations. These children typically read aloud inaccurately and slowly, and experience additional problems with spelling. Dyslexia appears to arise principally from a weakness in phonological speech sound skills, and there is good evidence that it can be ameliorated by systematic phonic teaching combined with phonological awa...

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